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<h1>Open Source, Intellectual Property And All That Jazz</h1>
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<div class="presentation">


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<div class="slide">
<h1>Open Source, <br/>Intellectual Property <br/> And All That Jazz</h1>
<h2>Including stuff you might like to know but were afraid to ask...</h2>

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<h4>This is <a href="http://www.opentalkware.org/" rel="external">OpenTalkWare</a></h4>
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<h4>License</h4>
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<h4>Attribution</h4>
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Based on
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  property="dc:title" rel="dc:type">Open Source, Intellectual Property And All That Jazz</span> 
  by 
<a xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#" 
  href="http://www.opentalkware.org" 
  property="cc:attributionName" 
  rel="cc:attributionURL">OpenTalkWare</a>
  The original source available
  from <a 
    xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" 
    href="http://opentalkware.googlecode.com/svn/talk/" rel="dc:source">OpenTalkWare</a>
    is licensed under the
    <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License</a>.
The original uses <a href='http://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/s5/'>S5</a> which is public domain. Please see the
<a href='http://www.meyerweb.com/eric/tools/s5/credits.html'>credits</a> for information about all the wonderful and 
talented contributors to S5!
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ABSTRACT 
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<h4>Summary</h4>
  <p>
TODO:
  </p>
<h4>Abstract</h4>
  <p>
TODO:
  </p>
</div>

<div class='notes'>
  <ul>
    <li>
      TODO:
    </li>
  </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--
END PREFACE
-->









<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>A Useful Legal Fiction</h1>
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>Intellectual property (IP)
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>does not exist</li>
<li>but is valuable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
IP law both
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>creates novel classes of property</li>
<li>and enforces specific ways to monetarise them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

<div class='handout'>
  <p>
The first (and last) thing to remember about intellectual property (IP) is that it does not exist. 
The laws governing IP do not arise from fundamental principles about the ownership of property 
but are derived by analogy from these laws. IP is a legal fiction. IP law both creates novel classes 
of property and specifies ways to monetarise them. A distinctive flavour arises from this dual nature.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
  <li>TODO:</li>
  <li>TODO:</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->



<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>A Useful Legal Fiction</h1>
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>IP is an umbrella covering
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>copyright..</li>
<li>patents...</li>
<li>trademarks...</li>
<li>...and all that jazz</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

<div class='handout'>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
  <li>TODO:</li>
  <li>TODO:</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->



<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>But Why? </h1>
<br/>
<blockquote>
<p>
IP's here <br/>
because it's here<br/> 
because it's here<br/>
because it's here<br/>
</p>
</blockquote>


<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  TODO:
  Foo bar blah
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
  <li>TODO:</li>
  <li>TODO:</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->


<!--  
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-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>But Why? </h1>

<ul class='incremental'>
<li>Not all nations in all ages choose IP.</li>
<li>At this time, England has IP laws...
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>
but this was not always so.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>At this time...
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>
not every successful nation enforces IP
<span class='example'>eg. China's motorcycle industry.</span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>An accident of history?
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>
Perhaps.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

<br/>

<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  TODO:
  Foo bar blah
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
  <li>TODO:</li>
  <li>TODO:</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->





<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>But Why? </h1>
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>Economists present an alternative rationale.
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>Providing a financial incentive...</li>
<li>encourages producers to create works...</li>
<li>for the public good.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>(A utilitarian test for effective IP laws.)</li>
</ul>

<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  TODO:
  Foo bar blah
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
  <li>TODO:</li>
  <li>TODO:</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->




<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>But Why? </h1>
<br/>
<blockquote>
<p>
IP's here <br/>
because it's here<br/> 
because it's here<br/>
because it's here<br/>
</p>
</blockquote>


<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  TODO:
  Foo bar blah
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
  <li>TODO:</li>
  <li>TODO:</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->






<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>A Patchwork Legal Quilt</h1>

<ul class='incremental'>
<li>IP Law arises from convention, not nature.</li>
<li>Diverse reasonable approaches exist.</li>
<li>No clear universal ethics.</li>
<li>No easy answers.</li>
</ul>
<br/>
<blockquote>
<p>
What does it mean to be deprived of a thing that does not exist?
</p>
</blockquote>

<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  TODO:
  Foo bar blah
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
  <li>TODO:</li>
  <li>TODO:</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->



<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>A Patchwork Legal Quilt</h1>
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>From trade between nations follow international standards.</li>
<li>Lots of international standards
<ul>
<li><span class='example'>eg. "Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works", 1886</span></li>
<li><span class='example'> "Universal Copyright Convention", 1952</span></li>
<li><span class='example'>and "Berne Convention Implementation Act", 1988.</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
Which led to the 
<span class='example'>World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)</span>
</li>
</ul>

<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  TODO:
  Foo bar blah
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
  <li>TODO:</li>
  <li>TODO:</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->






<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>Playing The (IP) Game</h1>
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>Introducing the players:
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>consumers,</li>
<li>producers,</li>
<li>distributors,</li>
<li>publishers,</li>
<li>investors</li>
<li>... and lawyers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  TODO:
  Foo bar blah
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
  <li>TODO:</li>
  <li>TODO:</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->



<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>Playing The (IP) Game</h1>
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>Modern IP law is
<ul  class='incremental'>
<li>invented by lawyers</li>
<li>paid by publishers</li>
<li>to maximise return for investors.</li>
</ul> 
</li>
</ul>

<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  TODO:
  Foo bar blah
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
  <li>TODO:</li>
  <li>TODO:</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->





<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>Brave New (Online) World</h1>
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>And then came the Internet.</li>
<li>Books are expensive to copying, publish and distribute...
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>(justifying a capital intensive publishing industry)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>but copying, publishing and distributing on the internet is cheap.
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>Really cheap.</li>
<li>Tending to zero cost cheap.</li>
<li>And bang goes the economic argument.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  TODO:
  Foo bar blah
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
  <li>TODO:</li>
  <li>TODO:</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->





<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>But How Do IP Laws Work?</h1>
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>IP law is built from
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>works,
<span class='example'>eg. "Open Source, Intellectual Property And All That Jazz"</span>
</li>
<li>acts
<span class='example'>eg. "public performance"</span>
</li>
<li>and licenses
<span class='example'>eg. "Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License"</span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

<div class='handout'>
  <p>
The essential framework used by modern IP law revolves around works, actions and licenses. 
Anyone who acts in ways restricted by IP law on a protected work without a license will be 
punished. In the past, this punishment was a private matter. Many states now insist that 
these offenses are so serious that only criminals would engage in infringement. 
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
  <li>TODO:</li>
  <li>TODO:</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->




<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>Actions</h1>
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>Copyright often restricts
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>
copying,
</li>
<li>
preparing derivative works
</li>
<li>
and performance
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>but not <em>private</em> <strong>use</strong> 
<span class='example'>eg. reading a work in private</span>
</li>
</ul>

<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  TODO:
  Foo bar blah
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
  <li>TODO:</li>
  <li>TODO:</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->




<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>Actions</h1>
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>Patents often restrict
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>
embodiment
</li>
<li>
and use.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  TODO:
  Foo bar blah
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
  <li>TODO:</li>
  <li>TODO:</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->






<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>Oops, Computer</h1>
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>
You need no license to read a book.
</li>
</ul>

<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  TODO:
  Foo bar blah
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
  <li>TODO:</li>
  <li>TODO:</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->




<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>Oops, Computer</h1>
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>
But to read the same work on a computer
</li>
<li>bits are moved and processed
<ul>
<li>
for example read from disc into main memory;
</li>
<li>
then read from main memory into storage CPU;
</li>
<li>
then transformed by the CPU into a display format;
</li>
<li>
which is then blatted to screen memory;
</li>
<li>
which is then blatted into the monitor.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  TODO:
  Foo bar blah
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
  <li>TODO:</li>
  <li>TODO:</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->







<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>Oops, Computer</h1>
<ul class='incremental'>
<li> 
To some, this sounds like
<ol class='incremental'>
<li>copying and</li>
<li>creating a derived work,</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>and argue that licenses must be required.</li>
</ul>
<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  TODO:
  Foo bar blah
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
  <li>TODO:</li>
  <li>TODO:</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->




<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>Oops, Computer</h1>
<ul class='incremental'>
<li> Others argue that  
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>requiring a license to <strong>read</strong> a work would be</li>
<li>an <strong>extension</strong> to the rights of <strong>publishers</strong></li>
<li>an <strong>reduction</strong> to the rights of <strong>consumers</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
And since publishing online is no longer capital intensive,
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>
this change has no supporting economic argument.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  TODO:
  Foo bar blah
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
  <li>TODO:</li>
  <li>TODO:</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->




<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>Oops, Computer</h1>
<br/>
<blockquote>
<p>
Should a license be required to read a work online?
</p>
</blockquote>
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>How would adopting this law shape the future of our society?</li>
</ul>

<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  TODO:
  Foo bar blah
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
  <li>TODO:</li>
  <li>TODO:</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->



<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>The Story So Far</h1>

<ul class='incremental'>
<li>IP laws are a useful legal fiction
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>framed by lawyers</li>
<li>for publishers</li> 
<li>to maximise investor returns,</li>
<li>imposed on 
<ul>
<li>consumers,</li>
<li>producers</li>
<li>and distributors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>

</ul>

<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  TODO:
  Foo bar blah
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
  <li>TODO:</li>
  <li>TODO:</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->




<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>The Story So Far</h1>

<ul class='incremental'>
<li>
IP laws for the online world are 
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>debatable</li>
<li>and important.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  TODO:
  Foo bar blah
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
  <li>TODO:</li>
  <li>TODO:</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->






<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>The Story So Far</h1>

<ul class='incremental'>
<li>
IP laws concern 
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>actions,</li>
<li>works and</li>
<li>licenses</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
of various kinds.
</li>
</ul>

<div class='handout'>
  <p>
Intellectual property (IP) law groups different laws together 
with similar flavours. Broadly generalising, they concern 
themselves with restricting actions on works without license.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
  <li>Summarise the last section.</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->




<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>The Story So Far</h1>

<ul class='incremental'>
<li>
Sample actions for
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>copyright
<span class='example'>"public performance"</span>
</li>
<li>patent
<span class='example'>"use"</span>
</li>
<li>and trademark
<span class='example'>"unattributed use"</span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

<div class='handout'>
  <p>
Different kinds of IP restrict 
different kinds of action.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
  <li>Remind everyone of actions.</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->






<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>Works</h1>
<blockquote>
<p>
What is a work?
</p>
</blockquote>
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>That depends...</li>
<li>...on the kind of IP
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>for copyright, a <strong>document</strong> is an example
<span class='example'>eg. "Excession" by "Iain M. Banks""</span>
</li>
<li>for trademark, a <strong>brand</strong> is an example
<span class='example'>eg. "Open Source"</span>
</li>
<li>but neither are patentable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

<div class='handout'>
  <p>
What exactly is a work for the purposes of IP law is 
a critical question. It is hard to give a good general 
answer for this. Each IP law concerns a distinctive category
of work. Some nations with principled legal system 
(for example, Germany), try to ensure these categories are 
disjoint. Others look at the combination of work and action.
Others allow conflicts.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
  <li>Note that some nations allow multiple kinds of IP law to 
  apply.</li>
  <li>Discuss exactly what a brand is.</li>
  <li>Patents require an innovation, and it's that innovative idea
that is patentable. So it may be possible to patent the ideas embodied
in a document or brand, it is the idea not the embodiment that is the
work concerning patent law.
  </li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->








<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>Works</h1>
<blockquote>
<p>
What is a work?
</p>
</blockquote>
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>...on the jurisdiction,</li>
<li>for example
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>the US Code on patents states
<span class='example'>"Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, 
or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent therefor, subject to the conditions and requirements of this title."</span>
</li>
<li>but Article 52 of "The European Patent Convention" excludes 
<span class='example'> 
"schemes, rules and methods for performing mental acts, playing games or doing business, and programs for computers"</span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

<div class='handout'>
  <p>
Though nations agree treaties, distinctive legal traditions result in 
marked differences.  
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
  <li>Software patents aren't quite so simple as this 
  may make them appear.</li>
  <li>The law is still being developed using case use in this area in many jurisdictions.</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->






<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>Works</h1>
<blockquote>
<p>
What is a work?
</p>
</blockquote>
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>...and on the details,</li>
<li>for example, the UK "Intellectual Property Office" 
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>says
<span class='example'>"Most works must be original to have copyright protection."</span>
</li>
<li>and clarifies
<span class='example'>"A work can only be original if it is the result of independent creative effort."</span>
</li>
<li>then adds caveats
<span class='example'>eg. "Sound recordings, films and published editions do not have to be original."</span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  It's hard to be clear and simple about copyright when the law is not.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->






<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>Works</h1>
<blockquote>
<p>
What is a work?
</p>
</blockquote>
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>The law is neither
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>clear,</li>
<li>simple</li>
<li>nor global.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  Repeat lessons.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
 <li>There is no clear legal right and wrong, 
 just shades of risk. Think about enforceability and
 arguability.</li>
 <li>Think about ethics</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->










<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>Licenses</h1>
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>A license is <strong>not</strong> a contract.</li>
<li>A licenses
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>permits</li>
<li>a restricted <strong>action</strong></li>
<li>on a <strong>work</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This permission may be conditional.</li>
</ul>

<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  Moving on to bring together works and actions
  by talking about licenses. A licenses permits
  an action on a work.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
 <li>Licenses are clear but not easy.
 Let's move on by taking a look at some licenses.
 </li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->








<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>Example - The MIT License</h1>

<pre class='license'>
 Copyright (c) Robert Burrell Donkin 2011

 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
 in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
 to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
 copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 
 The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
 all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 
 THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 THE SOFTWARE.
</pre>

<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  The MIT license is a good example of a clear open source copyright license.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
 <li>Start with a clear example</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->









<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>Example - The MIT License</h1>

<pre class='license'>
 Copyright (c) Robert Burrell Donkin 2011
</pre>

<ul>
<li>The MIT license
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>starts with a <strong>copyright notice</strong>,
<span class='example'>eg. "Copyright (c) Robert Burrell Donkin 2011"</span>
</li>
<li>claiming authorship
<span class='example'>eg. "Robert Burrell Donkin"</span>
</li>
<li>and publication year
<span class='example'>eg. "2011".</span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>


<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  Starting at the top, we find a copyright notice.
  Note that this isn't necessary to claim copyright 
  in many jurisdictions. 
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
 <li>Not necessary in most jurisdictions.</li>
 <li>Do not delete copyright notices</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->








<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>Example - The MIT License</h1>

<pre class='license'>
 Copyright (c) Robert Burrell Donkin 2011
</pre>

<ul>
<li>
Copyright notices are now
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>not essential</li>
<li>but polite</li>
<li>and aid enforcement</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>in most cases.</li>
</ul>


<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  Starting at the top, we find a copyright notice.
  Note that this isn't necessary to claim copyright 
  in many jurisdictions. 
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
 <li>Not necessary in most jurisdictions.</li>
 <li>Do not delete copyright notices</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->











<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>Example - The MIT License</h1>

<pre class='license'>
 Copyright (c) Robert Burrell Donkin 2011
</pre>

<ul>
<li>The copyright notice contains the publication date.</li>
<li>Copyright is time limited.</li>
<li>Limiting from the publication date is
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>clear and</li>
<li>easy to enforce.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>So the WIPO insists that...
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>...years after the death of the author is used.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  Fix term copyrights could be automatically enforced 
  cheap and easily using a distributed system.
  Variable term copyrights require lawyers and 
  publishers. Fixed term copyrights benefit 
  producers and consumer to the detriment of
  publishers and lawyers. But these players
  control IP law and so the rules are made
  for their benefit. 
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
 <li>The move to switch from fixed term copyright
 to variable is one reason why copyright has 
 difficulties coping with the information 
 revolution.</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->





<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>Example - The MIT License</h1>

<pre class='license'>
 Copyright (c) Robert Burrell Donkin 2011

 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
 in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
 to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
 copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
</pre>



<ul>
<li>The MIT license
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>permits anyone
<span class='example'>"Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person"</span>
</li>
<li>with the software
<span class='example'>obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software")</span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>


<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  This is a universal license, permitting anyone and everyone.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
 <li>
 This licensing to the public at no cost is the key legal innovation
 of permissive open source licensing.
 </li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->







<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>Example - The MIT License</h1>

<pre class='license'>
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
 in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
 to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
 copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
</pre>

<ul>
<li>The MIT license permits anyone with the software
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>
to do most anything
<span class='example'>"use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell"</span>
</li>
<li>
except public performance
</li>
<li>
<strong>conditionally.</strong>
<span class='example'>"subject to the following conditions"</span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>


<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  This is a universal license, permitting anyone and everyone.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
 <li>
 This licensing to the public at no cost is the key legal innovation
 of permissive open source licensing.
 </li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->









<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>Example - The MIT License</h1>


<ul class='incremental'>
<li>In short ...
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>... a conditional public license.</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>


<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  Anyone or everyone is permitted to exercise the rights 
  subject to some conditions.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
 <li>
 All known open source licenses are conditional public licenses
 but not all conditional public licenses are open source.
 </li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->




<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>Example - The MIT License</h1>

<pre class='license'>
 subject to the following conditions:
 
 The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
 all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
</pre>


<ul>
<li>The MIT license permits these actions ...</li>
<li>...unless you remove 
<ul class='incremental'>
<li> the license
</li>
<li>
or the copyright notice.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>


<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
 <li>Removing any copyright notice is a bad idea,
 and may get you into legal bother.</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->










<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>Example - The MIT License</h1>

<pre class='license'>  
 THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 THE SOFTWARE.
</pre>


<ul>
<li>...and if you agree to waive rights  
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>to warranty and
<span class='example'>"THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED 'AS IS', WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT."</span>
</li>
<li>
to sue the authors.
<span class='example'>"IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 THE SOFTWARE."</span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>


<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  The MIT illustrates the basic deal given by permissive
  open source licenses. The public are granted permission
  provided that they agree not to enforce consumer rights.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
 <li>The main aim of permissive licenses is to avoid liability.</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->








<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>Example - The MIT License</h1>

<ul>
<li>The basic deal is
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>the software is yours ...</li>
<li>if you agree that ...</li>
<li>no obligation for me arises from this.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This deal motivates <em>academic</em> 
(permissive) open source licenses.</li>
</ul>


<div class='handout'>
  <p>
The MIT is the architypal example of a class of 
open source licenses known as academic (or permissive)  
licenses. Producers who adopt these licenses are motivated
by a desire to give their software away but wish to
avoid paying for this act of charity.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
 <li>The main aim of permissive licenses is to avoid liability.</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->







<!--  
START OF SLIDE 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>Example - The MIT License</h1>

<ul>
<li>The MIT license deals with sublicensing   
<ul class='incremental'>
<li>by permitting explicitly
<span class='example'>"including without limitation the rights
 to ... sublicense"</span>
</li>
<li>
and transitively
<span class='example'>"... and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 furnished to do so".</span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>


<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  Sublicensing is rarely covered so cleanly or clearly 
  by other open source licenses. It is usually less
  clear that licensees that distribute unmodified copies
  are permitted to vary the license terms by sublicensing.
  Derivative works are a different matter. 
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
 <li>Sublicensing is rarely covered so cleanly or clearly 
 by other open source licenses.</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF SLIDE 
-->









<!--  
START OF ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
-->
<div class="slide">
<h1>Thanks</h1>
<p>All opinions and mistakes are entirely my own, but kudos to</p>
<ul>
<li>The <code><a href='http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/www-legal-discuss/'>legal-discuss@apache.org</a></code> community</li>
<li><a href='http://www.literacybridge.org/about/our-board/'>Cliff Schmidt</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.rosenlaw.com/rosen.htm'>Lawrence Rosen</a> 
and <a href='http://www.rosenlaw.com/oslbook.htm'>Open Source Licensing</a></li>
<li><a href='http://emoglen.law.columbia.edu/'>Eben Moglen</a> and <a href='http://www.softwarefreedom.org'>Software Freedom Law Center</a></li>
<li>The <a href='http://www.groklaw.net/'>Gorklaw</a> community</li>
</ul>

<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  TODO:
  Foo bar blah
  </p>
  <p>
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
  <li>TODO:</li>
  <li>TODO:</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>

<div class="slide">
<h1>The End</h1>
<p>
<!-- 
START ATTRIBUTION 

This section should be retained by derivative works.

See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

-->
Based on
<span class='example'>
<cite>Open Source, Intellectual Property And All That Jazz</cite></span>
  by 
<a href="http://www.opentalkware.org" >OpenTalkWare</a>.
 Original source is <a href="http://opentalkware.googlecode.com/svn/talk/" rel="dc:source">available</a> under
    <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">CC-BY</a>. UI based on 
    <a href='http://www.meyerweb.com/eric/tools/s5/credits.html'>S5</a> which is public domain.
<!-- 
END ATTRIBUTION
-->
</p>

<div class='handout'>
  <p>
  TODO:
  Foo bar blah
  </p>
  <p>
<!-- 
START ATTRIBUTION 

This section should be retained by derivative works.

See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

-->
  <a href="http://www.opentalkware.org" >OpenTalkWare</a> contributors to <cite>TODO: TITLE</cite> include: TODO: AUTHOR
<!-- 
END ATTRIBUTION
-->
  </p>
</div>

<div class="notes">
 <ul>
  <li>TODO:</li>
  <li>TODO:</li>
 </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!--  
END OF ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
-->









</div>

</body>
</html>
